1. Note
19/2/2023: Revised.
20/12/2014: Moved from wiki.
-> Top2. Intro
Need
- Quantity Surveyors need to have knowledge to advise on the procurement strategy and contractual arrangement.
(added, 19/2/2023)
Why contract out? Why call for tenders?
- Find someone to do it for you.
- Someone:
- More capable
- Statutorily qualified
- Less costly.
- Accountability in case of joint venture.
When to decide?
- As early as when the first project programme is developed.
Which types of contractual arrangement?
- Traditional or special?
3. Choices of contract types based on合同形式的選擇
Contract scope
按承包範圍分類
- Design.
設計 - Build.
施工 - Design and build:
設計和施工- 優點:
- 工程太簡單不必請建築或工程師。
- 取得承包方特有而一般的建築或工程師沒有的特殊設計優點。
- 取得承包方特有的建造方法或產品。
- 設計及施工時間可重疊，相應縮短了工期。
- 總的來說可省一些設計費。
- 由承包方單一負責，而減少多方參與責任不清的程度。有時這個好處被視為最大優點，使到根本不存在上述2及3點的工程都採用。
- 總造價較有保証。
- 可規定成品能滿足意向功能，此乃高於一般只需行使合理技能的標準。
- 在全包的情況下，承包方的索賠機會較少。
- 缺點：
- 發包方的要求寫得太死，承包方沒有自由設計的空間。
- 發包方的要求寫得太鬆，不能表達到預期的成果，或有空間給承包方索賠。
- 發包方不能隨意改動要求。
- 發包方對設計的改動要求，是屬於原要求範圍內還是超出範圍，往往會有爭議。
- 真的超出範圍而需計算增加費用時，因可能要與一個尚未設計好便改動了的方案比較，難度比較大。減內容亦有類似的問題。
- 鑑於總造價是基本封頂的，發包方會傾向在具體設計時增加內容及取最高的標準，令承包方吃虧。
- 鑑於總造價是基本封頂的，承包方會傾向在具體設計時盡量省料及取最低的標準，令發包方吃虧。
- 雙方合作不愉快時，爭議反為多了。
- 優點:
- Design, build and operate.
設計、施工、營運 - Management contracting.
- Construction manager.
Pricing basis
按投標基礎分類
- Based on firm bills of quantities, with reference to drawings and specification.
按確定工程量清單，參閲圖紙及規範 - Based on provisional bills of quantities, with reference to drawings and specification.
按暫定工程量清單，參閲圖紙及規範 - Based on drawings and specification, without bills of quantities.
只按圖紙及規範，不含工程量清單 - Based on pre-priced schedule of rates, competing on adjustment percentage.
按預設單價表，競爭調整費率
Pricing nature
按標價形式分類
- Lump sum total, with unit rates.
總價報價，輔以單價 - Rates only, without total.
單價報價，無總價 - Percentage.
費率報價
Degree of risks
按風險程度分類
- Fixed price.
固定價 - Price with fluctuation.
可調價 - Cost plus fee (lump sum fee, fixed percentage fee, scaled percentage fee, sharing).
成本加服務費(一筆過、固定費率、遞減費率、分成) - Ceiling price / guaranteed maximum price.
封頂價- Demarcation between costs and Fee.
成本與服務費的劃分
- Demarcation between costs and Fee.
Funding arrangement
- All funded by the employer.
- Private finance initiative – public-private partnerships.
Contract relationship diagrams
4. How to package contracts?
- Optimum balance between the time required to complete every design and the time required to construct.
- Optimum balance between single line responsibility and more control over choosing sub-contractors and suppliers.
- Specialist works by specialist contractors/sub-contractors.
- Responsibility for delivery time and wastage to be watched out if nominated supply contracts are used.
5. Usual contract packaging總包分包的分拆
- Site Survey Contract.
- Ground Investigation Contract.
- Demolition Contract.
拆卸工程 - Piling Contract.
基樁 - Main Contract.
主合同 - Sub-Contract.
分包合同 - Supply Contract.
供應合同 - Other Direct Contracts.
其他獨立合同
6. Which form of contract?
- Private or public?
- Domestic or international?
- Standard form or specially drafted?
- Old or new versions?
- With how much amendments?
- How harsh?
- See Form of Contract.
7. Risks sharing風險的分擔
- Soil conditions.
土質 - Underground obstructions.
地下障礙物 - Phased possession of site and completion.
分階段交付工地及竣工 - Time for completion.
工期 - Liquidated damages.
誤期賠償 - Grounds for extension of time.
工期延長的許可原因 - Grounds for monetary claims.
索賠的許可原因 - Insurances and bonds.
保險及擔保 - Defects liability period / defects rectification period.
保修期 - Payment terms.
付款辦法