Procurement Strategy 採購策略

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Note 註

29/1/2024: Revised.

19/2/2023: Revised.

20/12/2014: Moved from wiki.

Intro 介紹

Need 需要

• Quantity Surveyors need to have knowledge to advise on the procurement strategy and contractual arrangement.
  工料測量師需具備就採購策略和合約安排提供建議的知識。

(added, 19/2/2023)

Why contract out? Why call for tenders? 為什麼要外包？ 為什麼要招標？

1. Find someone to do it for you.
   找人幫你做
2. Someone:
   該人：
   • More capable
     較有能力
   • Statutorily qualified
     有法定資格
   • Less costly.
     成本較低
3. Accountability in case of joint venture.
   合資企業的問責。

When to decide? 什麼時候決定？

• As early as when the first project programme is developed.
  早在第一個項目計劃制定時。

Which types of contractual arrangement? 哪些類型的合同安排？

• Traditional or special? 傳統還是特殊？

Classification of contract types based on 不同的合同形式的分類

Contract scope 按承包範圍分類

1. Design.
   設計
2. Build.
   施工
3. Design and build / turnkey / package deal / engineering, procurement and construction:
   設計和施工 / 交鑰匙 / 統包  /  設計、採購和施工
   • 優點:
     • 工程太簡單不必請建築或工程師。
     • 取得承包方特有而一般的建築或工程師沒有的特殊設計優點。
     • 取得承包方特有的建造方法或產品。
     • 設計及施工時間可重疊，相應縮短了工期。
     • 總的來說可省一些設計費。
     • 由承包方單一負責，而減少多方參與責任不清的程度。有時這個好處被視為最大優點，使到根本不存在上述2及3點的工程都採用。
     • 總造價較有保証。
     • 可規定成品能滿足意向功能，此乃高於一般只需行使合理技能的標準。
     • 在全包的情況下，承包方的索賠機會較少。
   • 缺點：
     • 發包方的要求寫得太死，承包方沒有自由設計的空間。
     • 發包方的要求寫得太鬆，不能表達到預期的成果，或有空間給承包方索賠。
     • 發包方不能隨意改動要求。
     • 發包方對設計的改動要求，是屬於原要求範圍內還是超出範圍，往往會有爭議。
     • 真的超出範圍而需計算增加費用時，因可能要與一個尚未設計好便改動了的方案比較，難度比較大。減內容亦有類似的問題。
     • 鑑於總造價是基本封頂的，發包方會傾向在具體設計時增加內容及取最高的標準，令承包方吃虧。
     • 鑑於總造價是基本封頂的，承包方會傾向在具體設計時盡量省料及取最低的標準，令發包方吃虧。
     • 雙方合作不愉快時，爭議反為多了。
4. Design, build and operate.
   設計、施工、營運

Contract relationship 按承包關係分類

1. Traditional main contracting.
   傳統總承包

2. Management contracting.

   管理承包

3. Construction manager.

   施工管理經理

Pricing basis 按投標基礎分類

1. Based on firm bills of quantities, with reference to drawings and specification.
   按確定工程量清單，參閲圖紙及規範
2. Based on provisional bills of quantities, with reference to drawings and specification.
   按暫定工程量清單，參閲圖紙及規範
3. Based on drawings and specification, without bills of quantities. Submitted as quotations / schedule of rates / schedule of quantities and rates / activities schedules.
   只按圖紙及規範，不含工程量清單。以報價單 / 單價表 / 有量單價表 / 活動表提交
4. Based on pre-priced schedule of rates, competing on adjustment percentages.
   按預設單價表，競爭調整費率

Pricing nature 按標價形式分類

1. Lump sum total, with unit rates.
   總價報價，輔以單價
2. Rates only, without total.
   單價報價，無總價
3. Percentage.
   費率報價

Degree of risks 按風險程度分類

1. Fixed price.
   固定價
2. Price with fluctuation.
   可調價
3. Cost plus fee (lump sum fee, fixed percentage fee, scaled percentage fee, sharing).
   成本加服務費(一筆過、固定費率、遞減費率、分成)
4. Ceiling price / Guaranteed Maximum Price.
   封頂價
   • Demarcation between Costs and Fee.
     成本與服務費的劃分

Funding arrangement 融資安排

1. All funded by the employer.
   • 全由發包方安排
2. Public-private partnerships:
   公私營合作
   • Build–Operate–Transfer, BOT
     民間興建營運後轉移模式
   • Operate–Transfer, OT
     營運後轉移模式
   • Build-Operation-Own, BOO
     興建-營運-擁有模式
   • Reconstruction-Operation-Transfer, ROT
     民間重建營運後移轉模式
   • Private finance initiative (UK)
     民間融資提案
     • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_finance_initiative
     • https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Private_finance_initiative
   • Private Sector Participation Scheme (HKHA)
     私人機構參建居屋計劃 (居屋) (香港房屋委員會)
   • References:
     • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership
     • An Introductory Guide to Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) March 2008 (Second Edition) published by the Efficiency Unit of the Government of Hong Kong SAR
     • Practical Guide to Public Private Partnership (PPP) Projects published 2009 by the HKIS

Degree of commitment

1. One-off contracts.
2. Term contracts.
3. Serial contracts.
4. Standing offers.
5. Framework contracts:
   https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Framework_contract
6. Prime contracts:
   https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Prime_contract

How to package contracts?

1. Optimum balance between the time required to complete every design and the time required to construct.
2. Optimum balance between single line responsibility and more control over choosing sub-contractors and suppliers.
3. Specialist works by specialist contractors/sub-contractors.
4. Responsibility for delivery time and wastage to be watched out if nominated supply contracts are used.

Usual contract packaging 總包分包的分拆

1. Site Survey Contract.

   現場勘察合同

2. Ground Investigation Contract.

   地質勘察合同

3. Demolition Contract.
   拆卸工程合同
4. Piling Contract.
   基樁合同
5. Main Contract.
   主合同
6. Sub-Contract.
   分包合同
7. Supply Contract.
   供應合同
8. Other Direct Contracts.
   其他獨立合同

Which form of contract?

1. Private or public?
2. Domestic or international?
3. Standard form or specially drafted?
4. Old or new versions?
5. With how much amendments?
6. How harsh?
7. See Forms of Contract.

Risks sharing 風險的分擔

1. Soil conditions.
   土質
2. Underground obstructions.
   地下障礙物
3. Phased possession of site and completion.
   分階段交付工地及竣工
4. Time for completion.
   工期
5. Liquidated damages.
   誤期賠償
6. Grounds for extension of time.
   工期延長的許可原因
7. Grounds for monetary claims.
   索賠的許可原因
8. Insurances and bonds.
   保險及擔保
9. Defects liability period / defects rectification period.
   保修期
10. Payment terms.
    付款辦法

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