Note
21/2/2023: Sections from "Site takeover" merged into here.
30/3/2020: Revised. English version added.
24/12/2014: Moved from wiki.
Main principles
主要原則
(not in any particular order, but probably: more important and easier to do given first)
- Reduce waste:
減少損耗:-
At source
在源頭
- Recycle.
循環再用。
-
- Reduce rubbish:
減少垃圾:-
At source
在源頭
- Recycle.
循環再用。
-
- Reduce abortive work:
減少返工:- Confirm material and workmanship samples and acceptance standards
確定材料及工藝的樣板及驗收標準 - Do it right at the first time
第一次就做對 - Reduce defects
減少缺陷 - Chase acceptance inspections and approvals.
追驗收檢查。
- Confirm material and workmanship samples and acceptance standards
- Reduce wasted time:
減少浪費時間：- Reduce idling time
減少窩工 - Prepare, follow, monitor and update programmes
編訂、依從、監控和更新進度計劃表 - Track and record progress and reasons for deviations
跟踪記錄進度及偏離的理由 - Increase advance planning and co-ordination
多加事前協調 - Chase comments and approvals.
追審核意見和批准。
- Reduce idling time
- Reduce exposure to delay damages：
減少誤期賠償的可能性：- Prevent delay
避免誤期 - Notify delay
通知誤期 - Claim extension of time.
要求延長時間。
- Prevent delay
- Reduce accidents.
減少意外。 - Reduce complaints.
減少投訴。 - Ensure subcontractors and suppliers perform as committed.
確保分包商和供應商履行承諾。 - Increase productivity.
增加生產力。 - Get what should be entitled.
爭取應得的。 - Reduce what should not be lost.
減少不應失的。 - Get incentives and bonus:
獲得獎勵和獎金:- Perform better than contract requirements
表現優於合同規定 - Innovate.
創新。
- Perform better than contract requirements
- Establish a proper financial accounting and costing system:
建立完善的財務會計預算制度:- Know clearly the profit and loss situation of individual projects
要清楚知道個別工程的損益情況 - Keep clear records of actual expenditures and incomes
要有清楚的實際支出及收入記錄 - Establish a proper budgetary and final accounting system
建立完善的預決算制度 - Forecast the final expenditures and incomes of the whole project, and monitor and control the development.
要對整個工程的最終支出及收入作出預測，及進行跟蹤管理。
- Know clearly the profit and loss situation of individual projects
- Pay attention to causes which may increase costs, and take proper records.
對任何會使工程成本會增加的原因多加留意，並作出適當的記錄。 - Pay attention to opportunities which may increase incomes, take proper records, and raise requests for compensation at appropriate times.
對任何會使工程收入增加的機會多加留意，並作出適當的記錄，及適時提出爭取要求。 - Be mindful of oral communications without record:
小心口講無憑：- During construction, it is common for Contractors to follow Employers' or Architects' oral instructions and carry out work at additional cost, but they can at the end lose the chances to get paid because of insufficient records
施工過程中，承包方往往依照發包方或建築師的口頭指令，而多做了增加成本的工作，但到頭來因記錄不全而喪失了獲得補償的機會 - Similarly, Contractors lose chances to get paid for work which should have entitled them to payment because they have not kept proper records
同樣地承包方往往就可以使工程收入增加的事件，未有進行適當的記錄而喪失了獲得補償的機會 - Therefore, record keeping is of paramount importance
因此，記錄很重要 - Employing a dedicated person to keep records is worthwhile.
花錢請專人進行記錄是值得的。
- During construction, it is common for Contractors to follow Employers' or Architects' oral instructions and carry out work at additional cost, but they can at the end lose the chances to get paid because of insufficient records
- Pay attention to time limits：
注意期限：- In Hong Kong and overseas contracts, it is usual to set time bars to claims for extension of time or financial compensation. Missing the time limits will lose the right to claim. Therefore, do not overlook.
香港及國外的合同，往往就工期延長的申請及費用索償，設定了期限。過期提交會喪失了獲考慮的機會，因此不要掉以輕心。
- In Hong Kong and overseas contracts, it is usual to set time bars to claims for extension of time or financial compensation. Missing the time limits will lose the right to claim. Therefore, do not overlook.
Site takeover
工地接收
- Mainly avoid existing but not obvious on-site problems that will have a bad impact in the future.
主要避免有現存但不明顯的現場問題將來會產生壞影響。 - Note and record the conditions of the existing buildings on site.
注意及記錄現場建築物的現狀。 - Note and record the conditions of neighbouring buildings.
注意及記錄鄰近建築物的現狀。 - Record the handover of setting out benchmarks and site boundary lines.
記錄測量基準點、紅線的交收。 - Carry out site level and topographical survey.
進行地平測量。 - Implement settlement monitoring.
實施沉降監測。
Fixing of Sub-Contractors and Suppliers
確定分包商及供應商
- Clarify the scope of the Sub-Contracts and Supply Contracts.
明確分包及供應內容。 - Agree the prices.
商定價格。
Management of Drawings
圖紙管理
- Aim at reducing abortive work and strengthening the basis for additional payments.
目標為減少返工、加強追加工程款的依據。 - Distinguish between:
區分：- Tender Drawings
招標圖 - Contract Drawings
合同圖 - Variation drawings (issued under instructions)
變更圖(按指令發出) - Statutory submission drawings
政府送審圖 - Shop drawings
制配圖 - Fabrication drawings
預製圖 - Working drawings / construction drawings
施工圖 - Installation drawings
安裝圖 - Builder’s work drawings
土建圖 - Combined services drawings
機電綜合圖 - Record drawings of idling and abortive work
窩工返工記錄圖 - As-built drawings.
竣工圖。
- Tender Drawings
- Submit or request as appropriate.
按責任發出或要求。 - Record issuance and receipt of new and revised drawings.
記錄發出和接收的新的和修訂的圖紙。 - Always use the latest drawings.
永遠要使用新版的圖紙。 - Do not throw away superseded drawings.
用過的舊版圖紙不能拋掉。
Design briefing/co-ordination meetings
設計交底會/協調會
- Between Employer and Consultants.
發包方及顧問之間。 - Between Consultants, Contractors and Sub-Contractors.
顧問、總包及分包之間。 - Between Main Contractor and Sub-Contractors.
總包及分包之間。 - Explaining, co-ordinating, commenting and approving drawings.
解釋、協調、評論和批准圖紙。
Site management
現場管理
- Site:
工地：- Site security
現場安保 - Accident records
事故記錄 - Effecting insurances.
保險的落實。
- Site security
- Planning and design:
規劃及設計：- Design co-ordination meetings
設計交底會 - Progress of submission of shop drawings
制配圖紙送審進度 - Progress of statutory approvals
政府批文進度 - Progress of selection of sub-contractors
分包定標進度 - Report on variation instructions.
變更指令報告。
- Design co-ordination meetings
- Materials:
材料：- Monitoring of material ordering progress
監控訂料進度 - Recording of incoming and outgoing of materials
記錄進料領料情況 - Control of wastes
控制損耗 - Regular removal of rubbish
定期清理垃圾 - Checking for unnecessary waste
檢查有沒有不必要之浪費 - Monitoring of residual value.
監控殘料餘值。
- Monitoring of material ordering progress
- Construction:
施工：- Coordination of working sequence
協調工序先後 - Coordination of the use of temporary facilities
協調臨時設施的使用 - Assurance to use latest drawings
確定用新版的圖紙 - Assurance to use materials and workmanship according to approved samples
確定用批核樣板的材料及工藝 - Quality issues
品質問題 - Quality inspection records and status
質檢記錄及情況 - Record of abortive and idling work
返工窩工記錄 - Handling of inclement weather.
惡劣天氣的處理。
- Coordination of working sequence
- Progress:
進度：- Regular progress meetings
定期的進度會議 - Weekly reports
每週報告 - Daily reports
每日報告 - Progress photos
進度照片 - Manpower status and records
人手情況及報告 - Progress reports
施工進度 - Delay records.
工期延誤報告。
- Regular progress meetings
不外乎
- 开源
- 节流(转移风险)
开源
- 多拿工程亦算是公司开源的主要内容
- 但拿到工程后，开源的方法则有限而艰巨
- 不外乎靠变更及索赔来增加收入
- 亦可以征费的方式对分包方收取各种费用，例如：
- 清理垃圾费
- 垂直运输使用费
- 分包管理费
- 对分包方征费未必完全按照合同的规定，有些近乎买怕费
节流
- 重点应是节流
- 更重要的是不要亏本拿工程
- 亏本拿工程之后能翻身的主要靠幸运之神眷顾
- 节流的措施可从投标阶段做起，直至保修完成